1. COMPUTER
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type document, send emails, play games, and browse the web.
You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos. Software is a set of instructions writing on a computer that tells the computer whats to do. A computer can only function with a software. (¡) Computer software-: are the sets of instructions (program) that are used to make computers function effectively. There must be software (program) on a computer inorder to work perfectly,
computer software are broadly divide into two, these are: System software. Application software. System software-: these are software that control the way the different computer component communicate with one another. System software have three general group these are: » operating systems.
» utility software. » programming language or translators.
Operating systems:- they are the major software required by a computers. Without them, the computer cannot understand any instructions send to it. Examples of operating system. Ms dos -: Microsoft disk operation system.
Pc dos -: personal computer disk operating system.
Ms windows -: micosoft windows.
UNIX -: it is used in a multi-user environment where many people can use a big computer at the same time. Utility software -: these are used for general house keep functions on the computer such as repairing, copying, sorting, and printing of data. Examples are: Norton utility. Antivirus scan disk. window. Programming language: this are used for writing other software and computer programs. Examples LOGD BASIC JAVA COBOL FORTRAN and so on.
Application softwares -: Application software are used with the system software to perform a specific data processing task given to the computer system by the user. Examples Word processing Graphics software Games software Spread sheet software Communication software Data management software. Word processing -: it is used for typing letters, reports, tables, and a host of others like:
» Microsoft word
» Pagemaker
» Word perfect
» Word star e.t.c.
Graphic software -: this are used for drawing and producing different graphics or images, such as Harvard graphics, photo shop, coral draw and so on. Games software -: these are software for entertainment and relaxation, purposes such as packman, solitare e.t.c. Spread sheet software -: these are software for performing accounting and statistical calculations, such as: » Microsoft » Excel lotvell23.
Communication software -: these are software used to send or received text, sound or graphic messages from two or more computer separated from each other by distance. Examples.
» Microsoft internet explorer.
» Netscape communication.
» Microsoft outlook.
Date management software -: these are software that deals with creation and maintenance of data records, of staff, age, state of origin, location and so on. Examples Microsoft access. oracle. parador. dbase¡v. useful of operating system.
Operating system are used in the configuration of the system to operate in any of possible several modes provided by the manufacturers. It organize how data are store either temporarily in the ram or permanently on the disk and tapes. It helps in loading and running special software (device drivers) for operating various hardware device that are attached to the computer system.
It control and monitor access to the computer by different users. Operating system supervises input and output operation that its control how data are send or received from input – output devices such as monitor printer e.t.c. Storage in computer. Main memory. Secondary or auxiliary memory. Main memory -:
is made up of RAM _____ random access memory.
ROM _____ read only memory.
The data stored in a ram is temporary when there is power failure, data in the ram will be wiped off. Rom stores the computer configuration.
Secondary memory -: data or information are stored permanently in the secondary storage. Example Hardware. Flash drive tapes. Instructions in computer program. Sequence. Selection. Repetitions.
HOW TO USE THE MOUSE.
The mouse is an indispensible tools in a window. You can get things done quickly and efficiently . initially, the mouse pointer appears as a white arrow pointing diagonally up and to the left, but it often change shapes as you move to different part to the window desktop or as you begin working in a particular window program.
The mouse has three buttons, the right handside, the middle and the left hand side buttons. Each of this button as a specific function under MS-WORD package and other package.
Left hand side button This button is used to select or highlight text for cursor movement and to activate menu on the menu bar. Try it by using it to activate the Filemenu on the menu bar. Right hand side Button This button is used to activate some editing menu on the screen.
Try it by pressing the right button. Middle button is just the adjust button . To move the mouse pointer to a new position on the window desktop, roll the mouse over a flat surface called mouse pad, the pointer moves in the same direction as the mouse. . To point to an item on the desktop, position the mouse pointer directly over the item.
APPLICATION PACKAGES:
Application packages are ready made program which are designed in a generalized and standardized way for solving application problem which are common to many users. Examples are accounts, invoicing, Network analysis e.t.c. It is useful to many organizations, schools, and companys.
TYPES -:
OFF the shelf of vendors.
Altered off the shelf .
Custom tailor.
1. OFF the shelf of vendors -: this is a packages design for a company or an organization to perform a specific functions and cannot be used by another person because they cannot be amended.
Advantages.
1. Programmers are able to concentrate on new application programs for which there are no suitable package available or on the development of existing program. 2.No extra cost are incurred when package are obtained on a bundled basis. 3.It is possible to rationalize the number of program been written for applications which are common to many users. 4. Computer application can be implemented much earlier than is possible when programs are written specially for specific jobs.
Disadvantages.
1. Package programs may required more processing time than specially written programs, since they have been prepared in a more generalized way to suit the needs of many users. 2. Programmer will not gain the same level of experience if they do not write all the programs within a business.
WORD PROCESSING PROGRAMS: are used in preparing and editing texts such as letters or reports. It is the most widely used for all application programs.
Examples are:
1. Wordstar.
2. Wordperfect.
3. Wordcraft.
4. Tasword.
5. Microsoft word e.t.c.
GETTING STARTED WITH WINDOWS.
BOOTING OF THE COMPUTER .
This can be define as a switching on of the computer system.
There are two types of booting-:
1.Cold booting.
2. Warm booting.
1. Cold booting-: This is when starting the computer by pressing the power booting on both CPU and monitor.
2. Warm booting -: this is reffered to as restarting the computer system that is already working by pressing All key+CTRL key+DEL key on the keyboard at the same time.
HOW TO SHUT DOWN A COMPUTER.
Click on start click on turn off from the given options press the power button on the monitor.
HOW TO CREATE A NEW DOCUMENT.
Click on file menu click on new. This gives a quick overview of getting started with windows. Start button and Taskbar.
The start button and the taskbar are located at the bottom of your screen when you start window for the first time. By default they are always visible when windows is running.
The start menu When you click the start button you see a menu that contains everything you need to begin using windows. If you want to start a program, pick program icon from the menu, and if you want help on doing something in windows, click help.
The Taskbar Everytime you start a program or open a window, a button representing that window will appear on a taskbar. To switch between the windows, just click the button for the window you want when you loose a window. Its button disappear from the taskbar.
Depending on what task you are working on, other indicators may appear in the notification area on the taskbar, such s a printer representing your job.
At one end of the taskbar is the clock. To view or change settings, just Double click the clock or any of the indicators.
WINDOWS OPERATIONS MY COMPUTER.
You can use MY computer to quickly and easily see everything on your computer, double-click the My Computer icon on the desktop to browse through your files and folders.
WINDOWS EXPLORER.
In Window explorer you can see both the hierarchy and folders on your computer and all the files and folders in each selected folder.
this is especially useful for copying and moving files. You can open the folder that contains the files you want to move or copy.
And then drag it to the folder you want to put in it. To find window explorer, click the start button and then point to programs, there is a parallel pop-up menu. Where you can select windows explorer. Other program can be formed and located in this manner.
THE DESKTOP
When you start windows, the large area you see is called the desktop. you can customize the desktop by adding short cuts on your favourite programs,
documents and printers and by adding its look to fit your background, use your right mouse button to click any where on the desktop, and then click properties, select accordingly.
FOLDERS
Your documents and programs are stored in folders, which we can see in my computer and window explorer.
SHORTCUT MENUS
You can use your right mouse button to click any item and see a shortcut menu, this menu contains common commands that you use on the item you clicked.
For example. By clicking a file with your right mouse button.you can choose to open, copy or delete it.
STARTING AND QUITING A PROGRAM
You can use the start button to start any program you want to use such has your word processor or a favourite game.
STARTING A PROGRAM
Click the start button Point to program Point to the folder - such has accessories that contain the program Then click the program.
QUITING THE PROGRAM
Click the close button in the upper –left corners of the window marked X or click file in the upper – left corner of the window and click exist.
SWICHTING BETWEEN PROGRAMS
You can run as many programs as you want as the same time. Windows make it easy to switch between programs or windows, click the taskbar button for the program you want.
Note that the program appears in front of the other windows.
DATABASE PROGRAMS
Database program are used for handling database, A database can be describe as an organized collection of a particular organization that is stored in a central location and can be accessed by different authorized users.
For example, keeping the data related to staff, students and the properties of the polytechnic in a central post, with minimum duplication. A database provide facilities, stores and process data in the database of program.
Examples of database are Dbase||| plus, Rbase, Foxbase, Beta, Tas plus, Superbase 64 etc.
This program differ the maximum length of field and record that can be allowed in the database, number of field in each record, number of sort key, ease of making change to the database (either to the structure or the actual data) and speed at which the program execute.
Some of this program exist in both the assist and programming mode. In the ASSIST mode, (primarily design for non-computer professional) one can perform many of the function which were only formally available in the programming language.
An example is Dbase||| plus. It is very powerful package design to be run on a wide range of micro-computer which use the MS-DOS operating system and the PC DOS operating system.
HOW TO CREATE A DATABASE
Let us assumed we want to create a database called schoolnews to contains school information, let us further assumed that the database will hold the following information about the school.
SCHOOL NAME, LOCATION, COURSES.
Steps to take to create in database are as follows:
Choose CREATE from the main menu or type CREATE on the dot prompt. It will request for the database name, type SCHOOLNEWS.
The format for the structure will be displayed for the first field under FIELDNAME type LOCATION and press ENTER.
The cursor will automatically move to the next field for the type of field, press the space bar until NUMERIC is shown then press OK.
1.2 EDITING.
Editing is an act of typing, resizing, and formatting of text, picture and other valuable items. Lets take a look at Microsoft word.
MICROSOFT WORD.
When you open your Microsoft word on the file menu click new.
Click the general tab, and then double-click the blank space to start your text.
To apply bold formatting to text and numbers.
Select the text you want to change.
On the formatting toolbar, click bold (B) or CTRL+B. Applying italics formatting to text and numbers.
Select the text you want to change. On the formatting toolbar, click italics. Change the sizes of text or numbers. Select the text you want to change.
On the formatting toolbar, click a point in the front size box. PAGE MARGIN Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. in General, you insert text and graphics in a printable area in side the margins.
However you can position some items in the margins – for example, header, footer, and page numbers. Ways to set page margins Word offers several page margin options.
You can: Use the default page margin or specify your own set margins for facing pages, Use mirror margins to setup facing pages for double- sided documents, such as books or magazines. In this case, the margin of the left page are a mirror image of those of the right page (that is, the inside margins are the same width, and the outside margins are the same width).
Add a margin for binding, Use a gutter margin to add extra space to the side or top margin of a document you plan to bind. A gutter margin ensures that text isn’t obscured by the binding. OR There are four types of margin.
The left, right, top and bottom margin. FORMAT FOR SETTING A MARGIN Click FILE on the menu bar Scroll down through the file menu Click PAGE SETUP on the file menu Click MARGIN on the PAGE SETUP Change the following to suit your need left, right, top, and bottom margin.
After all possible alteration you can still go ahead by changing the PAPER SIZE to your need (A4,Iegal, letter e.t.c.) After all the change made, click OK to accept your changes.
ADD A PAGE NUMBER
Click insert on the menu bar Click page numbers Specify the position you want the page number to appear either Top/Bottom Specify the alignment you want the number to be, either left, right, center, inside or outside Click format, to specify number format either mathematical /Roman figure or Alphabet Click on start to specify where the numbering will begin Click OK. HOW TO OPEN AN
EXISTING FILE
Click on file menu click on open select the file’s name Click on open.
HOW TO SAVE INTO FLASH DRIVE ON DISKETTE
On the CPU insert the flash drive into the USB port or slot the diskette in a floppy drive place the diskette click on file click on save as click on save.
HOW TO RETRIEVE FILE FROM DISKETTE OR FLASH DRIVE
In the U.S.B port inset the flash drive on the CPU or slot the diskette into the floppy drive click on file in after opening the package Click on open select removable disk E or for G and it I is diskette select 31/2 floppy disk select the file’s name click open.
HOW TO SETUP A PAGE
Click on file menu click on page setup select the following orientation either portrait or vertical or landscape (horizontal).
HOW TO PRINT A DOCUMENT
Click on file menu click on print set the following on display box Select the printer on name. Enter number of copies. Select the range. Click apply. Click ok.
HOW TO PREVIEW A DOCUMENT
Click on file menu click on print preview click on close.
HOW TO CLOSE A PACKAGE
(EG-MS word) Click file menu (ALT + F4) click on exist.
HOW TO UNDO IN A DOCUMENT
Click on edit menu click on undo.
HOW TO RE-UNDO IN A DOCUMENT
Click on edit menu click on re-undo.
HOW TO CUT A TEXT (CTRL + X)
You have to highlight the text by dragging mouse on it click on edit menu click on cut and there will remove. E.g ade is a boy. So if you put cut on ade, it will remain=> is a boy.
HOW TO DUPLICATE A TEXT
Highlight the text click on edit menu click on copy select the require place the object is to be display click on edit menu click on paste and the text will be display.
NOTE: CTRL + C = COPY and CTRL + V = paste
HOW TO DELETE TEXT
Highlight the text click on edit menu CTRL- Z click on clear.
HOW TO REPLACE WORD IN A DOCUMENT CTRL + H
Click on edit menu after open the document click on replace Type initial word into replace box and type the new word into replace box click on replace.
HOW TO MOVE TO A REQUIRED PLACE IN A DOCUMENT (CTRL + G)
Click on edit menu click on goto select the place enter the number of pages click on goto. Note the require place will appear on the screen.
HOW TO TURN COMPUTER SCREEN TO NORMAL POSITION AUTOMATICALLY
Click on view menu click on normal.
HOW TO ADD SOME FEATURES INSIDE THE COMPUTER
Click on view menu click on tool bars click on the picture.
HOW TO REMOVE SOME FEATURES
Click on view menu click on toor bar click on the marked box beside the picture to remove.
HOW TO DISPLAY FULL SCREEN ON MONITOR
Click on view menu click on full screen click anywhere on the screen of the monitor to return to normal screen.
HOW TO ZOOM THE SCREEN
Click on view menu Click on zoom select the number.
HOW TO DO PAGE NUMBERING
Click on insert menu click on page number select the position select the number style click apply to whole document.
HOW TO INSERT DATE AND TIME
Click on insert menu Click on date and time set the date and time select the date and time style click on apply and ok.
HOW TO INSERT PICTURE INTO A DOCUMENT
Click on insert menu click on picture select the source click insert select the particular picture if more than one and it will appear on the document.
HOW TO BOLD A TEXT
Highlight the text click on format click on font click on font style click bold and ok.
HOW TO REMOVE BOLD OF A TEXT
Highlight the text click on format menu click on font click on regular on the font style click ok.
HOW TO REMOVE THE SUBSCRIPT
click on format click on font Click on subscript box to unmark the box like subscript.
HOW TO UNDERLINE TEXT
Highlight the text click on format menu click on font click on box beside underline style select the line style and ok.
HOW TO PLACE TEXT CENTER,RIGHT OR LEFT
Highlight the text click on format click on paragraph click center, left or right from the option given and ok.
HOW TO CREATE COLUMN IN A PAGE
click on format click on column type number of columns in the box click ok.
HOW TO CREATE A BORDER
click on format click on border and standing click on border select the border style select colour click ok.
HOW TO REMOVE BORDER
click on format click on border and standing click on border Click on none click ok.
HOW TO GIVE NUMBER TO LIST OF ITEMS
Highlight the whole text click on format click on bullet and numbering click on numbers select number style click ok.
HOW TO APPLY BULLET TO TEXT
Highlight the whole text click on bullet and numbering click the bullet style and ok.
HOW TO APPLY SHADDING
Click on format click on border and shadding click on border click on none click ok.
HOW TO CREATE LINE SPAC ING
Highlight the paragraph of the text Click on format click arrow beside the line spacing box, the list of numbers will appear Select the number by clicking click ok.
HOW TO CREATE FRAME
Click format click frame select style click ok.
HOW TO CHANGE SMALL LETTER TO CAPITER LETTER
Highlight the text click format click on change case click on uppercase click on ok.
HOW TO CREATE BACKGROUND PAGE
Click on format click on background and style select the type of colour click ok.
HOW TO APPLY THESAURUS
Click on tools menu click language click thesaurus from the option of languages type in your word click lookup to see the meaning of the word you typed click close.
HOW TO APPLY WORD COUNT
Click on tools menu click on word count click close.
ROW TO CREATE TABLE
Click on table menu click draw table enter number of rows and columns in the box beside click ok.
HOW TO HIDE GUIDELINES
Click table click hide guideline.
HOW TO SHOW GUIDELINES
Click table click show guideline.
HOW TO PRINT A DOCUMENT FROM PAGE MAKER
Click file click print Arrange the setup select printer model click print.
HOW TO INSERT PAGE
Click layout click insert page Enter the number of page into inset box click inset.
HOW TO ATTACH THE PAGE
Click layout click short page click option click remove double sided click ok.
HOW TO GO NEXT PAGE
Click layout click go forward.
HOW TO SELECT THE WHOLE PAGE
(CTRL + A) Click edit click select all.
HOW TO GIVE COLOUR TO THE OBJECT
Select the object click on arrow beside colour of the object icon select the colour and click anywhere on the screen to show the colour.
HOW TO APPLY WORDBAG (B) SYMBOL
Double click on the word bag icon (b) select the word bag style type your text click ok.
SHORTCUT KEY COMMANDS
ALT + F to file menu.
CTRL + L spelling checking.
CTRL + Q to close file.
CTRL + A to select all.
CTRL + C to copy.
CTRL + V to paste.
CTRL + P to print.
CTRL + W window.
CTRL + E Edit or place center.
CTRL + < To decrease the font size.
CTRL + > To increase the font size.
CTRL + = Subscript.
CTRL + X cut what you selected.
CTRL + L Left alignment.
CTRL + M Indent increase.
CTRL + O open an existing document.
CTRL + G find and replace.
CTRL + F3 Lay row up.
CTRL + R move to another location.
CTRL + F9 Continue row up.
CTRL + N New Document.
CTRL + F find and replace (ms-word).
CTRL + K Break apart the group text (corel-draw).
CTRL + T shifting the margin (ms-word).
ALT + H Help. ALT + F4 close .
CTRL + S save text. CTRL + Z Undo the last acton. END Goto the beginning of the current line. CTRL + 1 single line spacing.
CTRL + 2 double line spacing.
CTRL + 5 ½ line spacing.
CTRL + U underline.
CTRL + B bold.
CTRL + J To justify text.
CTRL + D To display font dialog box.
CTRL + X TO cut either object or text.
CTRL + Y Re-undo. ALT + V view.
CTRL + HOME goto top of the page.
SHIFT + UP ARROW to select one line up.
SHIFT + LEFT ARROW highlight left.
SHIFT + CTRL + B show master page.
SHIFT + CTRL + S save as dialogue box.
SHIFT + PAGE switches between.
SHIFT + CTRL + U underline the selected word.
SHIFT + PAGEUP to font.
PAGEUP KEY back to last page.
DELETE KEY delete.
ENTER KEY desame as clicking ok.
F7 KEY spelling and grammar checking.
CTRL + ALT + DELT to restart a computer on warming booting.
CTRL + RIGHT ARROW word right + left.
CTRL + ALT pageup = next page.
CTRL + SHIFT + K change text case.
SHIFT + CTRL to bold selected text.
PAGEUP KEY scroll up. ALT – L layout.
SHIFT F7 knowing the meaning of word.
CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER break column.
SHIFT + KEY + CTRL + D double underline word.
1.3 PROGRAMMING
Programming language. A programming language is a standard communication techniques for expressing instruction to a computer.
It is a set of syntatics and semantics rule use to define computer program.
Features of programming language Each programming language can be taught as a set of formal specification concerning syntax, vocabulary and meaning. The specification usually are; Data types. Data structure. Instruction and control flow.
Design philosophy. Compilation and interpretation. Data types The particular system by which data are organized in a program is a type of system of the programming language. The design and the study of type of system is known as type theory. Language can be classify as statically type language and dynamically type language.
Data structure Most language provides ways to assemble complex data structure from built in type and to associate name with new combine type causing arrays, list stacks. Instruction and control flow Once data as been specified, the machine must been instructed how to perform operation on a data. Elementary statement maybe specify using key words or maybe indicated using well define, grammatical structure.
Design philosophy Each language has been developed using a special design or a philosophy since programming language are artificially language, they require a high degree of disciple to a accurately specify which operation are desired.
Compilation and interpretation There are broadly two approach to execute a program in a giving language. Type of programming language Machine language.
Assemble language. Highlevel language. Fourth generation language. A Program A program is a series of code instruction for the computer to obey and represent logical solution to a problem. DATA Data is any representation of fast usually raw that can be communicated or manipulated by some processes.
Information It is the output of process data from the computer.
ICT
information and communication technology.
ICT is a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to create process, store, retrieve, communication, and manage information. Example Traditional office equipment and technologies.
Modern computer.
GSM
Global system for mobile communication. GPRS General packet radio service. SIM Subscriber identity module.
FTP
File transfer protocol. ISP Internet service provide.
WEB PAGE.
A web page is a page of document and the worldwide web and it identify by a unique address.
URL
Uniform resources locator.
WEBSITE
Website is a collection of web page which shows information and contents put on it, and it can be access by the use of browser likes-: Operamini, Uc browser, Google chrome, Mosilla firefox, Safari And others.
Hyperlink
Hyperlink connect webpage on the internet.
A hyperlink can connect one section of the same web page.
Email is a system for sending and receiving message electronically over the internet.
Web Address meaning.
.COM - communication
.CO - two or more associate.
.ORG - Commercial organization
.EDU - Educational institution
.GOV - Government.
.NET - Network or non- Commercial organization
.AC - Academic constitution.
.NG - Nigeria server
.IN - Indian server .
.UK - united kingdom server
.TK - Tokelau server name.
.TV - Television.
.WAPKA.MOBI - Wapmaster server name
Moderm
means Modulator demodulator and it is used to change analog signal to digital signal.
EGA
Enchance graphic adapter.
CGA
Colour graphic adapter
VGA
Video graphic adapter
SVGA
Super video graphic adapter.
HOW TO WRITE A PROGRAM ON YOUR COMPUTER
If you want to become a programmer you need to know coding and understand all programming language.
Coding is the insert and combining of numeric symbol and alphabetical letters together, And on your computer you are going to make use of notepad, because is the best method of writing programs. You have to understand programming language and how to make use of them.
Firstly on your computer goto start menu and enter notepad and write your programming and design code inside it, then goto file which is on the top left side of your notepad and then enter save as, you will see file name, type in the prefer name and put the format you want your program to appear in front e.g .txt, .pdf, .html, and so on.
So if your prefer name is books according to the program you have been written in your notepad, so in the filename box, you will write books.pdf, or books .html for web view. And in the save as type: box enter and click on all files, then click on save.
If you want to learn complete programming and coding K-POT will teach you because it contains all the tutorials you needs. WHAT IS HTML Html is a markup language for describing web document (web pages).
HTML stands for hyper text markup language.
WHAT IS MARKUP LANGUAGE
A markup language is a set of markup tags, HTML documents are described by HTML tags ,each HTML tag describe different document content. HTML example: A small HTML document.
My First Heading
My first paragraphExample Explained The DOCTYPE declaration defines the documet type to be html the text between and describes and html document . the text between and provides information about the document. The text between
and
and
and
This is a heading
This is a paragraph
My first heading
Step3. Save the html page, save the file on your computer. Select file -: save as in the notepad menu. You can use either, .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you. Step4. View HTML page in your browser Double-click your save html file and the result will look much like: My first heading HTML DOCUMENT All html document must start with a type declaration: The html document itself begins with and ends with The visible part of the html document is between and EXAMPLE-:
My first heading
My first paragraphto
tags. EXAMPLE:
This is a heading
This is a heading
This is a heading
tag. EXAMPLE:
This is a paragraph
This is another paragraph.
No comments:
Post a Comment